OOTW ANALYSIS CATEGORIES

The categories of OOTWs that were briefly described in the research section are fully defined here. The definitions are based on several official sources [2, 6, 12, 13, 16] and knowledgeable analysts [31, 88, 104, 117, 141, 152]. These definitions are widely accepted in different communities, yet are inconsistent between communities. Accordingly, the definitions have been modified by the participants of the Monterey workshops to increase their comprehensibility with respect to creating analytic tools. Generally, a particular OOTW will consist of more than one category, reflecting a complex situation. The attributes of an OOTW help describe the situation. Definitive attributes identify the correct category, while other attributes differentiate among possible situations within a category.

Peace operations

Definition: Military operations to support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement.

• Peacekeeping Operations (PK) Definition: Military operations undertaken with the consent of all major parties to a dispute, designed to monitor and facilitate implementation of an agreement and support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement. Often involves ambiguous situations requiring the peacekeeping force to deal with extreme tension and violence without becoming a participant.
  • Observer Missions Definition: Assisting in the observance and maintenance of a cease-fire; acting as a neutral witness for the handing-over of personnel or property from one party to another; and other limited operations.
  • UN Chapter VI Peace Operations Definition: Peacekeeping, as above.
  • Preventive Diplomacy Definition: Diplomatic actions taken in advance of a predictable crisis to prevent, limit or mitigate its effects.
  • Preventive Deployment Definition: a subset of peacekeeping (consent is assumed) in which (military) forces are deployed prior to the eruption of hostilities, with a goal of preventing active conflict.
  • Delegatory Peacekeeping Definition: Operations led by regional organizations but sanctioned by the UN.
  • Peacemaking Definition: The process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlements that arranges an end to a dispute and resolves issues that led to conflict.
  • Military Support to (Domestic) Civil Authorities (MSCA) Definition: When authorized, armed forces assist in domestic emergencies within the U.S.; FEMA has primary responsibility. (Under provisions of the Posse Comitatus Act, neither the active component nor the Reserve may execute the law in the place of duly appointed law-enforcement means without specific Presidential or Congressional approval and direction.) DOD participation is coordinated through the Secretary of the Army.

• Peace Enforcement Operations (PE) Definition: The application of military force, or threat of its use, normally pursuant to international authorization, to compel compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to maintain or restore peace and order.
  • UN Chapter VII Peace Operations Definition: Operations, short of general war, requiring force to impose peace - also called peace imposition.
  • Peace Imposition Definition: The same as UN Chapter VII above.
  • UN Chapter VI ½ Peace Operations Definition: Operations requiring a show of force, or small tactical operations, to enforce peace.
  • Aggravated Peace Support Operation (APSO) Definition: Operations falling between UN Chapter VI and UN Chapter VII, and thus often referred to as Chapter VI ½.

• Pre-Conflict Peace Building Definition: Longer-term, non-military, economic, social and political measures which can help states deal with emerging threats and disputes.

• Post-Conflict Peace Building Definition: Post-conflict actions, predominantly diplomatic and economic, that strengthen and rebuild governmental infrastructure and institutions in order to avoid a relapse into conflict. May be associated with either peacekeeping or peace enforcement.

• Arms Control Definition: Any plan, arrangement, or process, resting upon explicit or implicit international agreement, governing the numbers, types, and characteristics of weapon systems or the numerical strength, organization, equipment, deployment, or employment of armed forces. Focuses on promoting strategic military stability. Arms Control encompasses Disarmament. May be associated with either peacekeeping or peace enforcement.

• Deterrence Definition: May consist of either actions or maintenance of a particular state, such as level of preparedness, that create negative incentives against another country or group engaging in war.

• Disarmament Definition: The reduction of a military establishment to some level set by international agreement. May be associated with either peacekeeping or peace enforcement.

• Counterproliferation Definition: Efforts to impede the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD: chemical, biological, and nuclear or radiological weapons).

In this document, peacekeeping requires the consent of both parties and peace enforcement does not. Peace enforcement may be divided into two parts, UN Chapter VI ½ and UN Chapter VII (peace imposition), by the level of impartiality shown by the peace forces toward the opposing sides. For example, the UN Police Action in Korea (the Korean War) was war. Following the cessation of fighting, peace was imposed (on North Korea) by the UN forces along the Demilitarized zone, showing partiality toward the Republic of Korea. On the other hand, the NATO IFOR operations in Bosnia in early 1996 were peace enforcement with more impartiality. The earlier UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR) operations were an attempt at peacekeeping, under an assumption of consent by both sides.

Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief

Definition: Missions to promote human welfare, to reduce pain and suffering, to prevent loss of life or destruction of property from the aftermath of natural or man-made disasters. Includes refugee problems.

• Humanitarian Assistance Definition: Programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property. In those operations in which governmental structures have broken down, the military may provide local authority through the Civil-Military Operations Center (CMOC) to provide essential humanitarian and technical expertise with the goal to contain the situation and transition to another lead agency.
  • Humanitarian and Civic Assistance Definition: Incidental assistance to the local populace provided in conjunction with military operations and exercises.

• Disaster Relief Definition: Disaster relief falls within the overall context of humanitarian assistance but is conducted in emergency situations to prevent loss of life and property.
  • Disaster Relief Domestic Definition: FEMA is in charge; the military may become an asset to local and state governments bringing specific capabilities to contain the situation and assist in recovery.
  • Disaster Relief International Definition: The host government is intact and requests assistance to handle a natural or man-made crisis; the military may become an asset to local governments or international agencies to bring specific capabilities to contain situation and assist in recovery.
  • Disaster Control Definition: Measures taken before, during or after hostile action or natural or manmade disasters to reduce the probability of damage, minimize its effects, and initiate recovery.
  • Consequence Management Definition: Measures taken after a WMD attack to alleviate the damage, loss, hardship or suffering, restore essential government services, protect public health and safety, and provide emergency relief to affected governments, businesses and individuals. FEMA is the designated lead agency for domestic operations.

National Integrity Operations

National integrity (NI) operations include counterdrug (CD), combatting terrorism (CT), counterinsurgency (CI), and nation assistance (NA) operations. The national integrity designation is chosen because these operations, when providing support to a foreign country, are supporting that country's integrity and stability. When national integrity operations are conducted to protect the United States, they support U.S. integrity and stability. Domestic counterdrug operations and combatting terrorism are largely within the purview of law enforcement agencies. Within the United States, DOD support in these areas is normally given to those organizations designated by the Department of Justice, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). In foreign countries, the Department of State performs the lead function, usually as the head of a Country Team. In and over international waters, the lead agency may be the Department of Transportation (Coast Guard/Federal Aviation Administration) or the Department of Defense, depending upon specific tasks to be accomplished. Counterinsurgency and nation assistance (usually) relate to the internal affairs of a single foreign country. The U.S. Ambassador and his Country Team perform liaison with that country and set the agenda as concerns military support.

• Counterdrug (CD) Operations Definition: Support to federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies in their efforts to disrupt the transfer of illegal drugs into the U.S. Those active measures taken to detect, monitor, and counter the production, trafficking, and use of illegal drugs. Support efforts to interdict the flow of illegal drugs at the source, in transit, and during distribution.

• Combatting Terrorism (CT) Definition: Actions taken to oppose terrorism from wherever the threat.
  • Antiterrorism Definition: Those passive defensive measures taken to minimize vulnerability to terrorism.
  • Counterterrorism Definition: The full range of offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism.

• Counterinsurgency Definition: Those military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency. Or, the use of military resources to provide support to a host nation's counterinsurgency operations in the context of foreign internal defense (FID) through logistical and training support.

• Nation Assistance or Nation Building Definition: U.S. support of host nation's efforts to promote development, ideally through the use of host nation resources.
  • Security Assistance Definition: Providing defense material, military training, and defense-related services by grant, loan, credit, or cash sales to further U.S. national policies and objectives. May take place in either nation assistance, counterinsurgency or counterdrug operations.
  • Foreign Internal Defense (FID) Definition: Programs that encompass the total political, economic, informational, and military support provided to another nation to assist its fight against subversion and insurgency. Also, participation by civilian and military agencies of one government in any of the action programs taken by another government to free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. May take place in either nation assistance, counterinsurgency or counterdrug operations.

Nation assistance is the program under which U.S. assistance is often provided for counterinsurgency, countering drugs, and combatting terrorism. Thus nation assistance is more general in nature. For instance, counterinsurgency always implies the threat of lethal force against U.S. forces; nation assistance may, but need not. Insurgencies often present relatively well-organized, ideologically committed opponents, which may be backed by significant outside interests; nation assistance need not involve human opponents. Counterinsurgency involves support for an existing government under pressure; nation assistance can occur in a context in which no effective government exists. Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief are often components of national integrity operations, with scale depending in part upon the functionality of the host country government.

Military contingency operations

Military contingency operations are similar to traditional military operations. To the extent that traditional operations are understood and adequate tools created, military contingency operations analysis requirements are met. However, there are holes in the tools for traditional operations and some specialized models may be needed.

• Noncombatant Evacuation Operations (NEO) Definition: Operations to relocate noncombatants from a foreign country or host nation. The environment may be permissive, uncertain, or hostile. The threat that necessitates the NEO may be a natural disaster or may be of human origin.

• Enforcement of Sanctions/Maritime Intercept Operations (MIO)/Quarantines Definition: Coercive measures to interdict the movement of certain types of designated items into or out of a nation or specified area.

• Enforcing Exclusion Zones Definition: Prohibit specified activities in a specific geographic area.

• Ensuring Freedom of Navigation (FON) and Overflight Definition: Operations conducted to demonstrate U.S. or international rights to navigate sea or air routes.

• Protection of Shipping Definition: U.S. forces providing protection of U.S. flag vessels, U.S. citizens, and their property against unlawful violence in and over international waters.

• Show of Force Operations Definition: A mission carried out to demonstrate U.S. resolve in which U.S. forces deploy to influence a situation that may be detrimental to U.S. interests or national objectives. Can take the form of combined training exercises, rehearsals, forward deployment of military forces, or introduction and buildup of military forces in a region.

• Strikes or Attacks Definition: Offensive operations conducted to inflict damage on, seize, or destroy an objective for political (or other) purposes or to demonstrate U.S. capability and resolve to achieve a favorable result in terms of U.S. national interests.

• Raids Definition: Usually a small-scale operation involving swift penetration of hostile territory to secure information, confuse the enemy, temporarily seize an objective, or destroy installations.

• Recovery Operations/Search and Rescue (SAR) Definition: The search for, location, identification, rescue, and return of personnel or human remains, sensitive equipment, or items critical to national security.

• Relocation of Refugees/Illegal Immigrants/Illegal Emigrants Definition: Transporting, and often caring for, refugees or other detained persons.

• Support to Insurgency Definition: Support for an organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict. DOD support, if and when authorized, would probably be assigned to the Department of State, the Country Team or to the Director of Central Intelligence.

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